Muni's PlayThe main principle:
कुशलानां धर्माणां स्वविपक्षप्रहाणं कर्म। क्लेशोपक्लेशानां स्वप्रतिपक्षपरिपन्थनं कर्म॥
Wholesome factors function by abandoning their opposites; Afflictions function by obstructing their own remedies.
The 51 Mental Factors (चैतसिकाः)
| Category | Cetasika (चैतसिक) | Definition (Summary) | Function (Karma) |
|---|---|---|---|
| १. सर्वत्रगाः (Universal) | १. मनस्कार (Attention) २. स्पर्श (Contact) ३. वेदना (Feeling) ४. संज्ञा (Perception) ५. चेतना (Volition) | Bending the mind to the object; the meeting of the triad; experience; grasping signs; mental action. | These five are Universal because they must be present for any act of consciousness to occur at all. |
| २. विनियताः (Object-Determining) | ६. च्छन्द (Desire) ७. अधिमोक्ष (Resolve) ८. स्मृति (Mindfulness) ९. समाधि (Concentration) १०. प्रज्ञा (Wisdom) | Interest in an object; firm conviction; non-forgetting; one-pointedness; discerning phenomena. | These arise specifically when the mind determines or focuses on a particular object or goal. |
| ३. कुशलाः (Wholesome) | ११. श्रद्धा (Faith) १२. ह्री (Self-respect) १३. अपत्राप्य (Decorum) १४. अलोभ (Non-greed) १५. अद्वेष (Non-hatred) १६. अमोह (Non-delusion) १७. वीर्य (Energy) १८. प्रश्रब्धि (Pliability) १९. अप्रमाद (Heedfulness) २०. उपेक्षा (Equanimity) २१. अविहिन्सा (Non-harm) | Confidence in virtue; shame before self; shame before others; lack of attachment; lack of malice; insight; enthusiasm; mental fitness; guarding the mind; serenity; compassion. | These factors purify the mind, abandon their opposites (vipakṣa), and lead to liberation. |
| ४. मूलक्लेशाः (Root Afflictions) | २२. राग (Attachment) २३. प्रतिघ (Aversion) २४. मान (Pride) २५. अविद्या (Ignorance) २६. विचिकित्सा (Doubt) २७. पञ्च दृष्टयः (5 Wrong Views) | Clinging; hostility; mental inflation; lack of knowledge; uncertainty; false intellectual views (Self, Extreme, etc.). | The fundamental poisons that produce suffering and prevent engagement in wholesome actions. |
| ५. उपक्लेशाः (Secondary Afflictions) | २८. क्रोध (Anger) to ३७. विहिन्सा (Cruelty) ३८. आह्रीक्य (Shameless) ३९. अनपत्राप्य (No Decorum) ४०. स्त्यान (Lethargy) ४१. औद्धत्य (Restlessness) ४२. आश्रद्ध्य (No Faith) ४३. कौसीद्य (Laziness) ४४. प्रमाद (Carelessness) ४५. मुषितस्मृति (Forgetting) ४६. असंप्रजन्य (No Insight) ४७. विक्षेप (Distraction) | Branch afflictions like resentment, envy, deceit, dishonesty, pride, and malice; lack of moral shame; mental dullness; wandering mind; failure to cultivate virtue. | These obstruct their own remedies (pratipakṣa) and support the growth of root afflictions. |
| ६. अनियताः (Indeterminate) | ४८. मिद्ध (Drowsiness) ४९. कौकृत्य (Regret) ५०. वितर्क (Applied Thought) ५१. विचार (Sustained Thought) | Shrinking of the mind; remorse; gross mental seeking; subtle mental scrutiny. | Their moral quality is not fixed; they can be good or bad depending on the mental context. |
१. पञ्च सर्वत्रगाः (The 5 Universal Factors)
These five are called “Universal” because they function in every single moment of consciousness, whether wholesome, unwholesome, or neutral.
| चैतसिक (Cetasika) | Devanagari Definition (with English) | Function (Karma/कर्म) |
|---|---|---|
| १. चेतना (Cetanā) Volition | चित्ताभिसंस्कारो मनस्कर्म। [Mental conditioning and mental action.] | कुशलाकुशलाव्याकृतेषु चित्तप्रेरणकर्मिका। (Impelling the mind toward wholesome, unwholesome, or neutral ends.) |
| २. मनस्कार (Manaskāra) Attention | चेतस आभोगः। [The bending or alerting of the mind.] | आलम्बनचित्त धारणकर्मकः। (Holding or anchoring the mind onto the object.) |
| ३. स्पर्श (Sparśa) Contact | त्रिकसंनिपाते इन्द्रियविकारपरिच्छेदः। [The determination of the organ’s modification upon the meeting of the triad.] | वेदनासन्निश्रयदानकर्मकः। (Providing the immediate support for the arising of Feeling.) |
| ४. वेदना (Vedanā) Feeling | अनुभवस्वभावा। [The nature of experience (pleasure, pain, or neutral).] | विषय-आस्वाद-कर्मिका। (The function of “tasting” or sampling the object.) |
| ५. संज्ञा (Saṃjñā) Perception | निमित्तग्रहणस्वभावा। [The nature of grasping signs or identifying attributes.] | संजननकमिर्का। (The function of identifying and naming the object.) |
२. पञ्च विनियताः (The 5 Object-Determining Factors)
These are called “others” or “Object-Determining” because they only arise when the mind is specifically focusing on or investigating a particular object.
| चैतसिक (Cetasika) | Devanagari Definition (with English) | Function (Karma/कर्म) |
|---|---|---|
| १. च्छन्द (Chanda) Desire/Interest | ईप्सिते वस्तुनि तद्गुणोपसंहारा कर्तुकामता। [The will to act based on focusing on the qualities of a desired object.] | वीर्यादानसन्निश्रयदानकर्मकः। (Providing the basis for Energy/Effort.) |
| २. अधिमोक्ष (Adhimokṣa) Resolve | निश्चिते वस्तुनि यथानिश्चयं धारणा। [Holding to a determined object exactly as it was determined.] | असंहार्यताकर्मकः। (Resulting in unshakability or firm conviction.) |
| ३. स्मृति (Smṛti) Mindfulness | संस्तुते वस्तुनि चेतसः असंप्रमोषः। [Non-forgetting/non-loss of a familiar or previously experienced object.] | अविक्षेपकर्मिका। (The function of preventing mental distraction.) |
| ४. समाधि (Samādhi) Concentration | उपपरीक्ष्ये वस्तुनि चित्तस्यैकाग्रता। [One-pointedness of the mind on an object being examined.] | ज्ञानसन्निश्रयदानकर्मकः। (Providing the necessary basis for Knowledge/Insight.) |
| ५. प्रज्ञा (Prajñā) Wisdom | उपपरीक्ष्य एव वस्तुनि धर्माणां प्रविचयः। [The thorough investigation or discernment of phenomena.] | संशयव्यावर्त्तनकर्मिका। (The function of removing or turning away from doubt.) |
The 11 Wholesome Mental Factors (एकादश कुशलाः)
| चैतसिक (Cetasika) | Devanagari Definition (with English) | Function (Karma/कर्म) |
|---|---|---|
| १. श्रद्धा (Śraddhā) Faith/Confidence | अस्तित्व-गुणवत्त्व-शक्तत्वेषु अभिसंप्रत्ययः प्रसादोऽभिलाषः। [Conviction in reality, virtue, and power; clarity and longing.] | च्छन्दसन्निश्रयदानकर्मिका (Providing the basis for wholesome Desire/Interest.) |
| २. ह्री (Hrī) Self-respect | स्वयमवद्येन लज्जना। [Shame regarding one’s own faults/evils.] | दुश्चरितसंयमसन्निश्रयदानकर्मिका (Basis for the restraint of misconduct.) |
| ३. अपत्राप्य (Apatrāpya) Decorum/Regard | परतोऽवद्येन लज्जना। [Shame regarding faults based on the regard for others.] | तत्कर्मकमेव (Same as Hrī: Restraining misconduct.) |
| ४. अलोभ (Alobha) Non-greed | भवे भवोपकरणेषु वा अनासक्तिः। [Lack of attachment to existence or the means of existence.] | दुश्चरिताप्रवृत्तिसन्निश्रयदानकर्मकः (Basis for not engaging in misconduct.) |
| ५. अद्वेष (Adveṣa) Non-hatred | सत्त्वेषु दुःखे दुःखस्थानीयेषु च धर्मेषु अनाघातः। [Lack of malice toward beings, suffering, or its causes.] | दुश्चरिताप्रवृत्तिसन्निश्रयदानकर्मकः (Basis for not engaging in misconduct.) |
| ६. अमोह (Amoha) Non-delusion | विपाकतो वा आगमतो वाऽधिगमतो वा ज्ञानं प्रतिसंख्या। [Wisdom/Insight derived from results, scripture, or realization.] | दुश्चरिताप्रवृत्तिसन्निश्रयदानकर्मकः (Basis for not engaging in misconduct.) |
| ७. वीर्य (Vīrya) Energy/Effort | कुशले चेतसोऽभ्युत्साहः… अलीनत्वे वा। [Mental enthusiasm for the wholesome; non-slothfulness.] | कुशलपक्षपरिपूरणपरिनिष्पादनकर्मकम् (Completing and fulfilling the wholesome side.) |
| ८. प्रश्रब्धि (Praśrabdhi) Pliability/Calm | कायचित्तदौष्ठुल्यानां प्रतिप्रश्रब्धेः कायचित्तकर्मण्यता। [Fitness/flexibility; the removal of mental and physical rigidity.] | सर्वावरणनिष्कर्षणकर्मिका (The function of removing all obstructions/veils.) |
| ९. अप्रमाद (Apramāda) Heedfulness | सवीर्यक-अलोभ-अद्वेष-अमोहान् निश्रित्य या कुशलानां धर्माणाम् भावना। [Guarding the mind by relying on energy and the three roots of wholesome.] | लौकिकलोकोत्तरसम्पत्तिपरिपूरणकर्मकः (Fulfillment of worldly and transcendental success.) |
| १०. उपेक्षा (Upekṣā) Equanimity | चित्तसमता चित्तप्रशठता चित्तस्यानाभोगावस्थितता। [Mental balance, serenity, and a state of non-effort/spontaneity.] | संक्लेशानवकाशसन्निश्रयदानकर्मिका (Leaving no room/opportunity for afflictions.) |
| ११. अविहिन्सा (Avihiṃsā) Non-harm | अद्वेषांशिका करूणता। [Compassion, which is a specific aspect of Non-hatred.] | अविहेठनकर्मिका (The function of not harrassing or harming others.) |
३. षट् मूलक्लेशाः (The 6 Root Afflictions)
These are the fundamental “roots” of mental suffering and karmic bondage in the Yogācāra system.
| चैतसिक (Cetasika) | Devanagari Definition (with English) | Function (Karma/कर्म) |
|---|---|---|
| १. राग (Rāga) Attachment | त्रैधातुकोऽनुनयः। [Clinging or attraction to the three realms of existence.] | दुःखसंजननकर्मकः। [The function of generating/producing suffering.] |
| २. प्रतिघ (Pratigha) Aversion | सत्त्वेषु दुःखे दुःखस्थानीयेषु च धर्मेष्वाघातः। [Hostility toward beings, suffering, or factors conducive to suffering.] | अस्पर्शविहार-दुश्चरित-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मकः। [Providing the basis for uneasy living and engaging in misconduct.] |
| ३. मान (Māna) Pride | सत्कायदृष्टिसन्निश्रयेण चित्तस्योन्नतिः। [The inflation/uplifting of the mind based on the support of the ‘Self-view’.] | अगौरव-दुःखोत्पत्ति-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मकः। [The basis for lack of respect and the arising of further suffering.] |
| ४. अविद्या (Avidyā) Ignorance | त्रैधातुकमज्ञानम्। [Lack of knowledge regarding the three realms of existence.] | मिथ्यानिश्चय-विचिकित्सा-संक्लेशोत्पत्ति-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मिका। [Basis for false certainty, doubt, and the arising of mental taints/afflictions.] |
| ५. विचिकित्सा (Vicikitsā) Doubt | सत्येषु विमतिः। [Uncertainty or lack of conviction regarding the Truths.] | कुशलपक्षाप्रवृत्ति-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मिका। [The function of preventing engagement in wholesome actions.] |
| ६. पञ्च दृष्टयः (Dṛṣṭi) The Five Views | (This category is divided into the five specific views tabulated below). | अकुशल-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मिका। [Providing the primary basis for all unwholesome behavior.] |
The Five Specific Views (पञ्च दृष्टयः)
Your text identifies Dṛṣṭi as a complex root affliction composed of these five specific intellectual distortions:
| चैतसिक (Cetasika) | Devanagari Definition (with English) | Function (Karma/कर्म) |
|---|---|---|
| सत्कायदृष्टि (Satkāya-dṛṣṭi) View of Self | पञ्चोपादानस्कन्धानात्मतः आत्मीयतो वा समनुपश्यतो… [Viewing the 5 aggregates as “Self” or “Mine” (as an intellectual acceptance/view).] | सर्वदृष्टिगत-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मिका। [Providing the basis for all other wrong views.] |
| अन्तग्राहदृष्टि (Antagrāha-dṛṣṭi) Extreme View | पञ्चोपादानस्कन्धान् शाश्वततो वा उच्छेदतो वा समनुपश्यतः… [Viewing the aggregates as either eternal or totally annihilated.] | मध्यमा प्रतिपन्निर्याण-परिपन्थ-कर्मिका। [Acting as an obstacle to the Middle Way and liberation.] |
| दृष्टिपरामर्श (Dṛṣṭiparāmarśa) Clinging to Views | दृष्टिं… अग्रतः श्रेष्ठतो विशिष्टतः परमतश्च समनुपश्यतो… [Viewing inferior views/aggregates as supreme, best, or most excellent.] | असदृष्ट्यभिनिवेश-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मकः। [The basis for adhering to/obsessing over incorrect viewpoints.] |
| शीलव्रतपरामर्श (Śīlavrataparāmarśa) Clinging to Ethics | शीलं व्रतं… शुद्धितो मुक्तितो नैर्याणिकतश्च समनुपश्यतो… [Viewing specific ethics or ascetic vows as the sole means of purity/liberation.] | श्रमवैफल्य-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मकः। [Rendering spiritual effort/exertion fruitless.] |
| मिथ्यादृष्टि (Mithyā-dṛṣṭi) False View | हेतुं वाऽपवदतः फलं वा क्रियां वा सद्वा वस्तु नाशयतः… [Denying cause, effect, action, or reality; false conceptualization.] | कुशलमूल-समुच्छेद-कर्मिका। [Cutting off the roots of virtue and strengthening unwholesome roots.] |
विंशति उपक्लेशाः (The 20 Secondary Afflictions)
| चैतसिक (Cetasika) | Devanagari Definition (with English) | Function (Karma/कर्म) |
|---|---|---|
| १. क्रोध (Krodha) Anger | प्रत्युपस्थिते अपकारनिमित्ते प्रतिघांशिकश्चेतस आघातः। [The impact on the mind characterized by aversion when a cause of harm is present.] | शस्त्रादान-दण्डादानादि-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मकः। (Basis for violence, such as taking up weapons or sticks.) |
| २. उपनाह (Upanāha) Resentment | प्रतिघांशिक एव वैराशयस्यानुत्सर्गः। [The non-relinquishing of the intent for enmity/revenge.] | अक्षान्ति-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मकः। (Basis for intolerance or impatience.) |
| ३. म्रक्ष (Mrakṣa) Hypocrisy | सम्यक् चोदितस्य मोहांशिका अवद्यप्रच्छादना। [The concealment of one’s faults out of delusion when one is rightly admonished.] | कौकृत्यास्पर्शविहार-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मकः। (Basis for regret and uneasy/unpleasant living.) |
| ४. प्रदाश (Pradāśa) Malice | प्रतिघांशिकः क्रोधोपनाहपूर्वङ्गमश्चेतस आघातः। [The impact on the mind preceded by anger and resentment.] | उच्चप्रगाढ-पारुष्यवचन-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मकः। (Basis for harsh speech and producing demerit.) |
| ५. ईर्ष्या (Īrṣyā) Envy | परसंपत्तिविशेषे द्वेषांशिकः अमर्षकृतश्चेतसो व्यारोपः। [Mental agitation caused by intolerance toward the success of others.] | दौर्मनस्य-अस्पर्शविहार-कर्मकः। (Basis for mental distress and uneasy living.) |
| ६. मात्सर्य (Mātsarya) Stinginess | लाभसत्काराध्यवसितस्य परिष्कारेषु रागांशिश्चेतस आग्रहः। [Clinging to belongings due to attachment to gain and honor.] | असंलेख-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मकम्। (Basis for lack of spiritual simplicity.) |
| ७. माया (Māyā) Deceit | रागमोहांशिका अभूतगुणसंदर्शना। [Displaying non-existent qualities out of attachment and delusion.] | मिथ्याजीव-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मिका। (Basis for wrong livelihood.) |
| ८. शाठ्य (Śāṭhya) Dishonesty | रागमोहांशिका भूतदोषविमालना। [Concealing one’s actual defects out of attachment and delusion.] | सम्यगववाद-लाभ-परिपन्थ-करम्। (Obstacle to receiving proper advice.) |
| ९. मद (Mada) Pride | आरोग्य-यौवनादि-सास्रवां संपत्तिं रागांशिकन्नन्दीसौमनस्यम्। [Exultation based on attachment to health, youth, or assets.] | सर्व्वक्लेश-उपक्लेश-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मकः। (Basis for all other mental afflictions.) |
| १०. विहिंसा (Vihiṃsā) Cruelty | प्रतिघांशिका निर्वृणता निष्करणता निर्दयता। [Heartlessness and lack of mercy based on aversion.] | विहेठन-कर्मिका। (The action of harassing or hurting others.) |
| ११. आह्रीक्य (Āhrīkya) Shamelessness | स्वयमवद्येनालज्जना। [Lack of internal shame regarding one’s own faults.] | सर्व्वक्लेश-उपक्लेश-साहाय्य-कर्मकम्। (Aiding all other root and secondary afflictions.) |
| १२. अनपत्राप्य (Anapatrāpya) Lack of Decorum | परतोऽवद्येनालज्जना। [Lack of shame regarding social standards or others.] | सर्व्वक्लेश-उपक्लेश-साहाय्य-कर्मकम्। (Aiding all other root and secondary afflictions.) |
| १३. स्त्यान (Styāna) Lethargy | मोहांशिका चित्ताकर्मण्यता। [Mental unwieldiness or rigidity based on delusion.] | सर्वक्लेश-उपक्लेश-साहाय्य-कर्मकम्। (Aiding all other afflictions.) |
| १४. औद्धत्य (Auddhatya) Restlessness | रागांशिकश्चेतसोऽव्युपशमः। [Lack of mental peace based on attachment to pleasant signs.] | शमथ-परिपन्थ-कर्मकम्। (Obstacle to Tranquility meditation.) |
| १५. आश्रद्ध्य (Āśraddhyam) Lack of Faith | कुशलेषु धर्मेषु चेतसोऽनभिसंप्रत्ययः। [Lack of conviction or clarity regarding wholesome qualities.] | कौसीद्य-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मकम्। (Basis for laziness/sloth.) |
| १६. कौसीद्य (Kausīdya) Laziness | मोहांशिका चेतसोऽनभ्युत्साहः। [Lack of mental enthusiasm for virtue, seeking ease in sleep.] | कुशलपक्ष-प्रयोग-परिपन्थ-कर्मकम्। (Obstacle to the practice of virtue.) |
| १७. प्रमाद (Pramāda) Carelessness | कुशलानां धर्माणामभावना। [Failure to cultivate virtue or guard the mind against taints.] | अकुशलवृद्धि-कुशलपरिहाणि-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मकः। (Basis for growth of unwholesome and loss of wholesome.) |
| १८. मुषितस्मृति (Muṣitasmṛti) Forgetfulness | क्लेशसंप्रयुक्ता स्मृतिः। [Mindfulness that is conjoined with afflictions.] | विक्षेप-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मिका। (Basis for mental distraction.) |
| १९. असंप्रजन्य (Asaṃprajanya) Lack of Insight | क्लेशसंप्रयुक्ता प्रज्ञा। [Faulty discernment that leads to unobserved actions.] | आपत्ति-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मकम्। (Basis for moral falls and offenses.) |
| २०. विक्षेप (Vikṣepa) Distraction | रागद्वेषमोहांशिका चेतसो विसारः। [The scattering of the mind based on the three poisons.] | वैराग्य-परिपन्थ-कर्मकः। (Obstacle to detachment and dispassion.) |
चत्वारोऽनियताः (The 4 Indeterminate Factors)
These are called “Indeterminate” (Aniyata) because their moral quality is not fixed; they can be wholesome, unwholesome, or neutral depending on the intention and the other factors they arise with.
| चैतसिक (Cetasika) | Devanagari Definition (with English) | Function (Karma/कर्म) |
|---|---|---|
| १. मिद्ध (Middha) Drowsiness | मोहांशिका चेतसोऽभिसंक्षेपः। [A shrinking or drawing-in of the mind based on delusion.] | कृत्याविपत्ति-सन्निश्रयदान-कर्मकम्। (Basis for the failure or falling apart of duties/tasks.) |
| २. कौकृत्य (Kaukṛtya) Regret | मोहांशिका चेतसो विप्रतिसारः। [Mental remorse or regret regarding past actions.] | चित्तस्थिति-परिपन्थ-कर्मकः। (Acting as an obstacle to mental stability/concentration.) |
| ३. वितर्क (Vitarka) Applied Thought | चेतनां वा निश्रित्य प्रज्ञां वा पर्येषको मनोजल्पः। [Mental speech/investigation that “seeks” an object, relying on volition or wisdom.] | चित्तस्यौदारिकता। (Manifests as the “grossness” or initial engagement of the mind.) |
| ४. विचार (Vicāra) Sustained Thought | चेतनां वा निश्रित्य प्रज्ञां वा प्रत्यवेक्षको मनोजल्पः। [Mental speech/scrutiny that “examines” the object in detail.] | चित्तस्य सूक्ष्मता। (Manifests as the “subtlety” or refined focus of the mind.) |