Muni's Play(५) द्वादशाङ्गः प्रतीत्यसमुत्पादः — The Twelve-linked Dependent Origination
Sanskrit
तत्र भिक्षवः कतमो द्वादशाङ्गः प्रतीत्यसमुत्पादः ?
Translation
In that regard, monks, what is the twelve-linked dependent origination?
The Chain of Arising (Anuloma)
Sanskrit
अविद्याप्रत्ययाः संस्काराः। संस्कारप्रत्ययं विज्ञानम्।
Translation
With ignorance as condition, formations arise. With formations as condition, consciousness arises.
Sanskrit
विज्ञानप्रत्ययं नामरूपम्। नामरूपप्रत्ययं षडायतनम्।
Translation
With consciousness as condition, name-and-form arise. With name-and-form as condition, the six sense-bases arise.
Sanskrit
षडायतनप्रत्ययः स्पर्शः। स्पर्शप्रत्यया वेदना।
Translation
With the six sense-bases as condition, contact arises. With contact as condition, sensation arises.
Sanskrit
वेदनाप्रत्यया तृष्णा। तृष्णाप्रत्ययादुपादानम्।
Translation
With sensation as condition, craving arises. With craving as condition, clinging arises.
Sanskrit
उपादानप्रत्ययाद्भवः। भवप्रत्ययाज्जातिः।
Translation
With clinging as condition, becoming arises. With becoming as condition, birth arises.
Sanskrit
जातिप्रत्यया जरामरणशोकपरिदेवदुःखदौर्मनस्योपायासाः संभवन्ति।
Translation
With birth as condition, old age, death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair come to be.
Sanskrit
एवमस्य केवलस्य महतो दुःखस्कन्धस्य समुदयो भवति॥
Translation
Such is the origin of this entire great mass of suffering.
The Chain of Cessation (Pratiloma)
Sanskrit
अविद्यानिरोधात्संस्कारनिरोधः। (एवम्…)
Translation
With the cessation of ignorance, formations cease. (and so on…)
Sanskrit
जातिनिरोधाज्जरामरणशोकपरिदेवदुःखदौर्मनस्योपायासा निरुध्यन्ते।
Translation
With the cessation of birth, old age, death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair cease.
Sanskrit
एवमस्य केवलस्य महतो दुःखस्कन्धस्य निरोधो भवति॥
Translation
Such is the cessation of this entire great mass of suffering.
(अ) Ignorance (Avidyā)
Sanskrit
तत्र कतमा अविद्या ?
Translation
In that regard, what is ignorance?
Sanskrit
यत्तत्पूर्वान्तेऽज्ञानम्। अपरान्तेऽज्ञानम्। पूर्वापरान्तेऽज्ञानम्।
Translation
It is lack of knowledge regarding the past, the future, and both past and future.
Sanskrit
अध्यात्म अज्ञानम्। बहिर्धा अज्ञानम्। अध्यात्मबहिर्धा अज्ञानम्।
Translation
Ignorance regarding the internal, the external, and both internal and external.
Sanskrit
कर्मण्यज्ञानम्। विपाकेऽज्ञानम्। कर्मविपाकेऽज्ञानम्।
Translation
Ignorance regarding action (karma), its result (vipāka), and both action and result.
Sanskrit
सुकृतेऽज्ञानम्। दुष्कृतेऽज्ञानम्। सुकृतदुष्कृतेषु धर्मेष्वज्ञानम्।
Translation
Ignorance regarding good deeds, bad deeds, and both good and bad deeds.
Sanskrit
हेतावज्ञानम्। फलेऽज्ञानम्। हेतुफलेऽज्ञानम्। हेतुसमुत्पन्नेषु धर्मेष्वज्ञानम्।
Translation
Ignorance regarding cause, effect, both cause and effect, and phenomena arisen from causes.
Sanskrit
प्रतीत्यसमुत्पादेऽज्ञानम्। प्रतीत्यसमुत्पन्नेषु धर्मेष्वज्ञानम्।
Translation
Ignorance regarding dependent origination and dependently arisen phenomena.
Sanskrit
बुद्धेऽज्ञानम्। धर्मेऽज्ञानम्। संघेऽज्ञानम्।
Translation
Ignorance regarding the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha.
Sanskrit
दुःखेऽज्ञानम्। समुदयेऽज्ञानम्। निरोधेऽज्ञानम्। मार्गेऽज्ञानम्।
Translation
Ignorance regarding suffering, its origin, its cessation, and the path.
Sanskrit
कुशलेऽज्ञानम्। अकुशलेऽज्ञानम्। सावद्येऽज्ञानम्। अनवद्येऽज्ञानम्।
Translation
Ignorance regarding the wholesome and unwholesome; the blameworthy and blameless.
Sanskrit
सेवितव्येऽज्ञानम्। असेवितव्येऽज्ञानम्। सास्रवेऽज्ञानम्। अनास्रवेऽज्ञानम्।
Translation
Ignorance regarding what should be practiced and what should not; the defiled and the undefiled.
Sanskrit
संस्कृतेऽज्ञानम्। असंस्कृतेऽज्ञानम्। अतीतेऽज्ञानम्। अनागतेऽज्ञानम्। प्रत्युत्पन्नेऽज्ञानम्।
Translation
Ignorance regarding the conditioned and unconditioned; the past, future, and present.
Sanskrit
षट् सु वा स्पर्शायतनेषु यथाभूतमज्ञानमदर्शनमनभिसमयस्तमः संमोहोऽविद्यान्धकारम्।
Translation
Regarding the six bases of contact, it is the lack of true knowledge, vision, and realization—it is darkness, delusion, and the blindness of ignorance.
(आ) Formations (Saṃskāras)
Sanskrit
अविद्याप्रत्ययाः संस्कारा इति। संस्काराः कतमे ?
Translation
“From ignorance come formations.” What are formations?
Sanskrit
त्रयः संस्काराः-कायसंस्कारः वाक्संस्कारः मनःसंस्कारश्च।
Translation
There are three formations: of body, of speech, and of mind.
Sanskrit
तत्र कायसंस्कारः कतमः ? आश्वासः प्रश्वासः।
Translation
What is the body-formation? In-breathing and out-breathing.
Sanskrit
कायिको ह्येष धर्मः, कायनिश्रितः कायप्रतिबद्धः।
Translation
For this is a physical phenomenon, dependent on the body and bound to the body.
Sanskrit
वाक्संस्कारः कतमः ? वितर्कयित्वा विचारयित्वा वाचं भाषते।
Translation
What is the speech-formation? One speaks after thinking and reflecting.
Sanskrit
तस्माद्वितर्कविचारो वाक्संस्कार इत्युच्यते॥
Translation
Therefore, thought and reflection are called speech-formations.
Sanskrit
मनःसंस्कारः कतमः ? चेतना। चैतसिको ह्येष धर्मः।
Translation
What is the mind-formation? Volition (Cetanā). This is a mental phenomenon.
Sanskrit
चित्तनिश्रितः चित्तप्रतिबद्धः। तस्माच्चेतना मनःसंस्कार इत्युच्यते॥
Translation
Dependent on and bound to the mind; therefore, volition is called mind-formation.
(इ) Consciousness (Vijñāna)
Sanskrit
संस्कारप्रत्ययं विज्ञानमिति। विज्ञानं कतमत् ? षड् विज्ञानकायाः।
Translation
“From formations comes consciousness.” What is consciousness? The six groups of consciousness.
Sanskrit
तद्यथा-चक्षुः, श्रोत्र, घ्राण, जिह्वा, काय, मनोविज्ञानम्।
Translation
Namely: Eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind consciousness.
(ई) Name-and-Form (Nāmarūpa)
Sanskrit
विज्ञानप्रत्ययं नामरूपमिति। तत्र नाम-चत्वारोऽरूपिणः स्कन्धाः।
Translation
“From consciousness comes name-and-form.” There, “Name” refers to the four formless aggregates.
Sanskrit
वेदना, संज्ञा, संस्कार, विज्ञानस्कन्धः। इदं नाम।
Translation
Sensation, perception, formations, and consciousness—this is “Name.”
Sanskrit
रूपं कतमत् ? चत्वारि महाभूतानि।
Translation
What is “Form”? The four great elements and that which is derived from them.
Sanskrit
पृथिवीधातुः (गुरुत्वं च कर्कशत्वं)। अब्धातुः (द्रवत्वमभिष्यन्दनत्वं)।
Translation
Earth element (heaviness and roughness); Water element (fluidity and moisture).
Sanskrit
तेजोधातुः (उष्णत्वं परिपाचनत्वं)। वायुधातुः (आकुञ्चनः प्रसारणः लघुसमुदीरणत्वं)।
Translation
Fire element (heat and ripening); Air element (contraction, expansion, and light motion).
Sanskrit
तदुभयमेकत्राभिसंक्षिप्य नामरूपमित्युच्यते॥
Translation
These two (mental and physical) combined are called “Name-and-Form.”
(उ) Six Sense-bases (Ṣaḍāyatana)
Sanskrit
नामरूपप्रत्ययं षडायतनमिति। षडायतनं कतमत् ?
Translation
“From name-and-form come the six sense-bases.” What are they?
Sanskrit
चक्षु, श्रोत्र, घ्राण, जिह्वा, काय, मनआयतनम्।
Translation
The bases of eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind.
(ऊ) Contact (Sparśa)
Sanskrit
षडायतनप्रत्ययः स्पर्श इति। स्पर्शः कतमः ? षट् स्पर्शकायाः।
Translation
“From the six sense-bases comes contact.” What is contact? The six groups of contact.
Sanskrit
चक्षु, श्रोत्र, घ्राण, जिह्वा, काय, मनःसंस्पर्शः।
Translation
Eye-contact, ear-contact, nose-contact, tongue-contact, body-contact, and mind-contact.
(ए) Sensation (Vedanā)
Sanskrit
स्पर्शप्रत्यया वेदना। वेदना कतमा ? षड् वेदनाः।
Translation
From contact comes sensation. What is sensation? The six sensations.
Sanskrit
चक्षुःसंस्पर्शजा वेदना सुखा दुःखा अदुःखासुखा च।
Translation
Sensation born of eye-contact: pleasant, painful, or neither-pleasant-nor-painful.
Sanskrit
(श्रोत्र, घ्राण, जिह्वा, काय, मनः) संस्पर्शजा वेदना…
Translation
(Similarly) Sensation born of contact from the ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind: pleasant, painful, or neither-pleasant-nor-painful.
(ओ) Craving (Tṛṣṇā)
Sanskrit
वेदनाप्रत्यया तृष्णा। कतमा तृष्णा ? षट् तृष्णाकायाः।
Translation
From sensation comes craving. What is craving? The six groups of craving.
Sanskrit
रूपतृष्णा। शब्दतृष्णा। गन्धतृष्णा। रसतृष्णा। स्पर्शतृष्णा। धर्मतृष्णा।
Translation
Craving for: forms, sounds, odors, tastes, touch, and mental objects (dharmas).
(क) Clinging (Upādāna)
Sanskrit
तृष्णाप्रत्ययमुपादानम्। उपादानं कतमत् ? चत्वारि उपादानानि।
Translation
From craving comes clinging. What is clinging? The four types of clinging.
Sanskrit
तृष्णोपादानम्। शीलव्रतोपादानम्। आत्मवेदनोपादानम्।
Translation
Clinging to: craving (sensuality), rules and rituals, and the theory of self.
(ख) Becoming (Bhava)
Sanskrit
उपादानप्रत्ययो भव इति। भवः कतमः ? त्रयो भवाः।
Translation
From clinging comes becoming. What is becoming? The three realms of existence.
Sanskrit
कामभवः। रूपभवः। आरूप्यभवश्च।
Translation
The realm of Desire, the realm of Form, and the Formless realm.
Sanskrit
तत्र कामभवः कतमः ? नरकाः। तिर्यञ्चप्रेताः। असुराः। षट् कामावचरा देवाः॥
Translation
What is the Desire realm? Hells, animals, hungry ghosts, asuras, and the six heavens of the desire-realm.
Sanskrit
अष्टौ महानरकाः (उष्णा): संजीव, कालसूत्र, संघात, रौरव (२), तपन, प्रतापन, अवीचि।
Translation
The eight great (Hot) Hells: Sañjīva, Kālasūtra, Saṃghāta, the two Rauravas, Tapana, Pratāpana, and Avīci.
Sanskrit
(शीत नरकाः): अर्बुद, निरर्बुद, अटट, हहव, हुहुव, उत्पल, पद्म, महापद्म।
Translation
(The Cold Hells): Arbuda, Nirarbuda, Aṭaṭa, Hahava, Huhuva, Utpala, Padma, and Mahāpadma.
Sanskrit
षट् देवाः: चातुर्महाराजिका, त्रायस्त्रिंशा, यामा, तुषिता, निर्माणरतयः, परनिर्मितवशवर्तिनः।
Translation
The six (Desire) Heavens: Heaven of the Four Kings, of the Thirty-three, Yāma, Tuṣita, Joyful Creation, and Controlling Others’ Creations.
Sanskrit
तत्र रूपभवः कतमः ? (ब्रह्मकायिकाः … अकनिष्ठाश्चेति)।
Translation
What is the Form realm? (A list of 17 heavens including) Brahma-realms, the Heavens of Light, of Virtue, and the Pure Abodes ending in Akaniṣṭha.
Sanskrit
आरूप्यधातवः कतमाः ? आकाश, विज्ञान, आकिंचन, नैवसंज्ञानासंज्ञायतनम्।
Translation
What are the Formless realms? Infinite Space, Infinite Consciousness, Nothingness, and Neither-Perception-Nor-Non-Perception.
(ग) Birth (Jāti)
Sanskrit
भवप्रत्यया जातिरिति। जातिः कतमाः ?
Translation
From becoming comes birth. What is birth?
Sanskrit
या तेषां सत्त्वानां तस्मिन् सत्त्वनिकाये जातिः, संजातिः, अवक्रान्तिः, अभिनिर्वृत्तिः।
Translation
It is the birth, production, descent (into the womb), and manifestation of various beings in their respective classes of beings.
Sanskrit
स्कन्धानां प्रादुर्भावः, आयतनानां प्रतिलम्भः, जीवितेन्द्रियस्योद्भवः।
Translation
The appearance of the aggregates, the acquisition of the sense-bases, and the emergence of the life-faculty.
(घ) Old Age and Death (Jarā-maraṇa)
Sanskrit
जातिप्रत्ययं जरामरणम्। जरा कतमा ?
Translation
From birth comes old age and death. What is old age?
Sanskrit
निकायसभागतायास्तस्या यत् खालित्यं पालित्यं वलीप्रचुरता…
Translation
It is the baldness, graying of hair, and abundance of wrinkles in a group of beings.
Sanskrit
जीर्णता भुग्नता कुब् जगोपानसीवक्रता खुरुखुरुश्वासप्रश्वासश्च…
Translation
Decrepitude, brokenness, hunching, being bent like a roof-rafter, and wheezing or rasping breath.
Sanskrit
तिलकालकोपहतगात्रता पुरतः प्राग्भारकायता दण्डावष्टम्भता…
Translation
A body covered in age spots, leaning forward, and supporting oneself with a staff.
Sanskrit
इन्द्रियाणां परिपाकः परिभेदः संभाराणां पुराणीभावो जर्जरीभावः…
Translation
The ripening and breakdown of the senses; the aging and decay of the bodily constituents.
Sanskrit
धन्धत्वं मन्दत्वं हानिः परिहाणिः। इयमुच्यते जरा॥
Translation
Sluggishness, dullness, and total decline. This is called old age.
Sanskrit
तत्र मरणं कतमत् ? यत्तेषां सत्त्वानां तस्माच्छविकायाच्च्युतिः…
Translation
What is death? It is the falling away, passing, and breaking apart of those beings from their state.
Sanskrit
आयुषो हानिः उष्मणो हानिः जीवितेन्द्रियस्य निरोधः स्कन्धानां निक्षेपः।
Translation
The loss of lifespan, the loss of bodily heat, the cessation of the life-faculty, and the laying down of the aggregates.
Sanskrit
अयं भिक्षवो द्वादशाङ्गप्रतीत्यसमुत्पादस्यायं विभङ्ग इति॥
Translation
O monks, this is the detailed analysis of the Twelve-linked Dependent Origination.