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Introduction

The Mandukya Upanishad is the shortest of all Upanishads, consisting of only 12 verses. It belongs to the Atharvaveda and is entirely focused on the analysis of the syllable “Aum” and the four states of consciousness: Waking, Dream, Deep Sleep, and the Fourth (Turīya).

Despite its brevity, it is considered one of the most profound and essential Upanishads, providing the foundation for the Advaita Vedanta philosophy.

Verses

Commentary

The index by Gaudapada is the earliest known systematic treatise on Advaita Vedanta and provides a detailed expansion of the teachings found in this Upanishad.

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