Dahl et al. Meditative Families

Source: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4595910/#SD1

ART Pillar	Meditation Family (Dahl et al.)	Key Practices	Targeted Self-System
Self-Awareness	Attentional	Focused Attention, Breath Counting, Shamatha.	EPS (Experiential Phenomenological Self).
Self-Regulation	Constructive	Loving-kindness, Values Contemplation, Compassion.	EES (Experiential Enactive Self).
Self-Transcendence	Deconstructive	Vipassana, Self-inquiry, Nondual Insight (Mahamudra/Zen).	NS (Narrative Self).

Family	Primary Cognitive Mechanism	Psychological Target	Goal of the Practice
Attentional	Meta-awareness	Experiential Fusion	To strengthen attention regulation and the ability to monitor the processes of thinking and feeling.
Constructive	Perspective Taking & Reappraisal	Maladaptive Self-Schema	To remodel the content of experience by cultivating healthy interpersonal patterns and prosocial values.
Deconstructive	Self-Inquiry	Cognitive Reification	To undo maladaptive patterns by investigating the nature of conscious experience and the “self”.

Family	Subcategory	Core Mechanism	Examples of Practices
Attentional	Focused Attention (FA)	Systematic training of sustained attention on a single mental or sensory object.	Breath Counting (Zen), Jhana Practice (Theravada), Mantra Recitation.
	Open Monitoring (Object-oriented: OM-O)	Non-reactive monitoring of the content of experience from moment to moment.	MBSR, DBT (Mindfulness Component), Choiceless Awareness.
	Open Monitoring (Subject-oriented: OM-S)	Directing awareness toward the quality of awareness itself rather than objects.	Shamatha/Calm Abiding without Support (Tibetan).
Constructive	Relationship Orientation (C-R)	Actively remodeling the content of experience to foster healthy interpersonal patterns.	Loving-kindness, Compassion Training (CCARE), Centering Prayer.
	Values Orientation (C-V)	Contemplating core values and mortality to alter the narrative self-schema.	Contemplations of Mortality, The Six Recollections, Well-being Therapy.
	Perception Orientation (C-P)	Actively altering the way one perceives the world or the physical self.	Development stage (Tibetan), Meditation on Foulness (Theravada).
Deconstructive	Object-oriented Insight (OO-I)	Investigating the nature of experience by analyzing internal or external objects.	Vipassana/Insight, Analytical Meditation (Tibetan), MBCT (Cognitive Component).
	Subject-oriented Insight (SO-I)	Directing inquiry toward the nature of the “subject” or the thinker.	Koan practice (Zen), Mahamudra/Dzogchen Analytical Meditation.
	Nondual-oriented Insight (NO-I)	Practices designed to collapse the distinction between the subject and the object.	Shikantaza (Zen), Self-inquiry (Advaita Vedanta), Mahamudra/Dzogchen (Nondual).

Traditional Practice	S-ART Pillar	Meditation Family (Dahl et al.)	Cognitive Mechanism & Target
Raja Yoga / Mantra Yoga	Self-Awareness	Attentional Family	Meta-awareness: Stabilizing attention on an object (breath/sound) to reduce experiential fusion.
Hatha Yoga / Pranayama	Self-Regulation	Attentional / Constructive	Sensorimotor Integration: Regulating the body (EES) to modulate stress and enhance interoceptive awareness.
Bhakti Yoga / Puja	Self-Regulation	Constructive Family	Relationship Orientation (C-R): Remodeling the Narrative Self through devotion and prosocial concern.
Karma Yoga / Seva	Self-Regulation	Constructive Family	Values Orientation (C-V): Aligning actions with ethics to extinguish self-centered habit loops.
Kundalini Yoga	Self-Regulation	Constructive (C-P)	Perception Orientation: Using “energy” modulation to shift affect-biased attention and arousal states.
Jnana Yoga / Self-Inquiry	Self-Transcendence	Deconstructive Family	Subject-oriented Insight (SO-I): Investigating the “thinker” to dismantle cognitive reification.
Advaita Vedanta / Nondualism	Self-Transcendence	Deconstructive (NO-I)	Nondual Insight: Collapsing the subject-object divide to realize the groundless nature of self.